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Lithium is no longer affordable for ceramics.

Yet in many cases it seems indispensable

The crystals that form as this cone 6 fluid-melt glaze solidifies are one of the minerals in the recipe: Spodumene. Actually β-spodumene. But it is so expensive, and there is 42% here! What would it take to reduce the cost of making this glaze ($52/kg in 2026)? Another flux could certainly make it just as melt-fluid, but it would not grow spodumene crystals.

β-spodumene is Li₂O - Al₂O₃ - 4SiO₂ So the 0.22 Li₂O in this glaze would require 0.22 Al₂O₃ and 0.88 SiO₂ to crystallize as a β-spodumene-type lithium aluminosilicate. The glaze contains 0.24 Al₂O₃ and 1.41 SiO₂. There is almost exactly enough lithium to combine with nearly all of the alumina as β-spodumene. The 2% rutile supplies TiO2; it acts as a nucleating agent. Replacing Li₂O with another flux could maintain the melt fluidity, but Na₂O, K₂O or B₂O₃ cannot simply take the place of Li₂O in β-spodumene.

It is possible that less spodumene could still do this. That could be tested by reducing Li₂O to 0.1 and increasing Na₂O to 0.23 (while maintaining the other oxides as-is). B₂O₃ could also be tried (it has a far lower thermal expansion). Of course, effecting changes in specific oxides requires some glaze chemistry.

Related Pictures

Why is spodumene so expensive?

Made by Gemini in response to a query to create a fist-sized spodumene ore rock. AI Policy

This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.

Industrial spodumene is found in massive quantities across major mining regions like Australia, Africa, and North America. Spodumene exists as mine concentrate, technical/ceramic grade and battery-grade material (the battery industry it has effectively repriced a ceramic feldspathic mineral as "lithium ore"). Still, if this 1.5kg rock was pure spodumene, it could be processed to ceramic grade and sold for $45 (June 2026). The actual mining commodity price at that time was US$2,100/tonne (pricing this rock at $3). That means finely ground ceramic spodumene is currently selling for 10+ times the mine/concentrate price.

Spodumene pricing is disconnected from mine-markets

The battery market continues to set the economic context for ceramic spodumene and lithium carbonate. Zimbabwe suspended exports of raw minerals and lithium concentrates in February 2026, briefly pushing Chinese lithium-carbonate futures above 178,000 yuan/tonne. Earlier data showed spodumene concentrate recovering from about US$610/tonne in June 2025 to above US$2,000 in early 2026. Prices subsequently fell sharply in March, illustrating how disconnected ceramic-supplier pricing can be from rapidly changing mine-market values. Reuters: Zimbabwe suspension, Reuters: spodumene production and prices, Reuters: March price reversal.

What about lithium carbonate?

Albemarle reported an average industrial price of US$19.53/kg in Q2 2026. So potters currently pay only up to 8 times that! Yet, the processing is formidable: The ore must be crushed and beneficiated, then subjected to a high-temperature calcination that converts alpha spodumene to the more reactive beta form, followed by acid roasting, leaching, neutralization, impurity removal and further conversion.

As evidence that lithium is still important, one potter just purchased a 50-pound bag of spodumene for $1200 so she wouldn’t have to worry about it for the rest of her career!

Glaze chemistry and willingness to do testing insulates you

Fortunately, our kilns don’t care where the Li₂O comes from. Spodumene substitutions for lithium carbonate must be done oxide-for-oxide (their accompanying SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ make weight-for-weight replacement invalid). Melt-flow, crystallization, thermal-expansion and slurry tests, not just unity-formula matching, are not only important in industrial settings but valuable to potters (insight-live.com is designed for this). Ceramic suppliers should be asked for current chemistry, mineral form and particle-size specifications; “spodumene” alone is insufficient..

Li2O from Spodumene instead of Lithium Carbonate:

Good chemistry and economy, but bad physics

This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.

Lithium carbonate is now ultra-expensive. Yet the reactive glaze on the left needs it. Spodumene has a high enough Li₂O concentration to be a possible source here. It also has a complex chemistry, but the other oxides it contains are those common to glazes anyway. I did recipe rescue calculations and got a pretty good match in the formulas (lower section in the green boxes). Then I made 10-gram balls and did a GLFL test at 2200F.

Not surprisingly, this recipe is very runny; that's why the tiny yellow crystals grow during cooling. The new version fires very similarly, perhaps better. My calculated cost to mix these in 2022 was $17.84/kg vs. $10.40/kg. In 2026, the difference is even greater! But there is a practical cost: Poor slurry properties. The spodumene sources so much Al₂O₃ that 70% Alberta Slip had to be dropped to accommodate it! How does one use this type of glaze without ruining kiln shelves? Using a catcher glaze is one answer.

LOI-gassing and Spodumene produce this:

Melt fluidity with blisters that variegate, then heal

This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it.

This pitcher was made by Elora Pottery. Like everyone using glazes that require lithium (from Spodumene or Lithium Carbonate), they are facing the unbelievable price increases these materials are seeing. Staci actually calculated the weight applied to each piece, determining the $$ dip cost! Notice her material costs on the photo. During efforts to reduce the spodumene content, I noticed the expensive carbonate colorants and asked if these were causing blisters in the glaze (because of gassing associated with their LOI). When I saw this picture, it became clear that they are. But in a good way. Part of the variegation we are seeing is doubtless the mechanical disturbance they cause in the fluid-melt phase-separated glass. But the melt fluidity of the glaze appears to be sufficient to heal them and smooth out the glass during cooling.

What did we do about the spodumene? We calculated to use lithium carbonate to supply the Li₂O instead - it took one fifth as much material. Still super expensive, but easier to use and more consistent.

Links

Typecodes	Glaze Chemistry Case studies where glaze chemistry was used to solve a problem.
Materials	Spodumene Spodumene is a lithium sourcing feldspar, an alternative to lithium carbonate to supply Li2O to ceramic glazes. Contains up to about 8% Li2O.

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